[{"Title":"病因","UniqueID":"v11556035_zh","Index":1.0,"Summary":"

在美国和其他发达国家，肝硬化最常见的原因是：

","HeadType":"F_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]},{"Title":"症状","UniqueID":"v759209_zh","Index":2.0,"Summary":"

许多肝硬化患者没有症状，多年来似乎看上去都是健康的。约三分之一的患者从未出现任何症状。

","HeadType":"F_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[{"Title":"肝硬化的并发症","UniqueID":"v28485447_zh","Index":1.0,"Summary":"

许多肝硬化患者没有症状，多年来似乎看上去都是健康的。约三分之一的患者从未出现任何症状。

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[{"Title":"门静脉高压","UniqueID":"v28485450_zh","Index":1.0,"Summary":"

门静脉高压（门静脉的高血压）是一种严重的并发症。当它引发与之相连的静脉血液淤积时，这些静脉会扩大、迂曲（称为静脉曲张）。静脉曲张可发生于食管底部（食管静脉曲张）、胃部（胃静脉曲张）或直肠（直肠静脉曲张）。曲张的静脉脆弱且易出血。食管或胃静脉曲张出血的患者可能会大量呕血（参见胃肠出血）。长期持续且缓慢的出血可造成贫血；迅速且更严重的出血则可能导致休克，甚至死亡。

","HeadType":"H_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]},{"Title":"门脉性肺动脉高压","UniqueID":"v28485456_zh","Index":2.0,"Summary":"

门静脉高血压可导致肺动脉血压升高（称为门脉性肺动脉高压）。这会引发心力衰竭症状，如呼吸困难（特别是当患者躺着时）和疲乏。

","HeadType":"H_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]},{"Title":"腹水","UniqueID":"v28485461_zh","Index":3.0,"Summary":"

门静脉高压加上肝功能受损，就可能导致腹腔内积液（腹水）。腹水会导致腹部膨胀和紧压感。另外，腹水还可能遭到感染（称为自发性细菌性腹膜炎）。

","HeadType":"H_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]},{"Title":"脂肪和维生素吸收差","UniqueID":"v28485465_zh","Index":4.0,"Summary":"

随着时间推移，脂肪（特别是脂溶性维生素）的吸收不良可导致一系列问题。例如，维生素 D 吸收不良可引发骨质疏松症。维生素 K（帮助血液凝结）吸收不良会使患者更易出血。

","HeadType":"H_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]},{"Title":"不规则出血","UniqueID":"v28485469_zh","Index":5.0,"Summary":"

肝硬化可引发其他问题，影响血液凝结方式（导致凝血障碍）。有些问题会让患者更易出血，例如脾肿大。肿大的脾脏可能会捕获血细胞和血小板。造成血液中的血小板（这有助于血液凝块）数量减少。此外，受损肝脏产生促进血液凝块的蛋白质（凝血因子）的能力会减弱。

","HeadType":"H_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]},{"Title":"感染风险升高","UniqueID":"v28485475_zh","Index":6.0,"Summary":"

由于肿大的脾脏会捕获白血细胞，后者数目可能减少（称为白细胞减少症）。当白细胞数量较低且肝脏合成抗感染蛋白质减少时，感染风险增加。

","HeadType":"H_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]},{"Title":"肾衰竭","UniqueID":"v28485478_zh","Index":7.0,"Summary":"

肝功能衰竭最终可导致肾功能衰竭，这种病症称为肝肾综合征。如发生肝肾综合征，体内产生和排出的尿液量会减少，导致毒性物质在血液中累积。最终，肝肾综合征患者会呼吸困难。这种肾脏问题可能变得严重到需要透析治疗。

","HeadType":"H_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]},{"Title":"脑功能恶化","UniqueID":"v28485484_zh","Index":8.0,"Summary":"

肝功能衰竭还会导致脑功能退化（称为肝性脑病），这是由于受损肝脏无法再清除血液中的有毒物质。这些有毒物质随血液进入并影响大脑。

","HeadType":"H_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]},{"Title":"肝癌","UniqueID":"v28485488_zh","Index":9.0,"Summary":"

肝硬化患者可发生肝癌（肝细胞癌或肝瘤）。一旦出现肝硬化，需要进行肝癌监测，也称为监测（定期评估），因为早期发现肝癌有可能进行治愈性治疗。

","HeadType":"H_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]}]}]},{"Title":"诊断","UniqueID":"v759275_zh","Index":3.0,"Summary":"

血液测试，包括肝脏检测

","HeadType":"F_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[{"Title":"实验室检查","UniqueID":"v28485611_zh","Index":1.0,"Summary":"

血液测试，包括肝脏检测

","HeadType":"H_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]},{"Title":"肝脏影像学检查","UniqueID":"v28485615_zh","Index":2.0,"Summary":"

血液测试，包括肝脏检测

","HeadType":"H_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]},{"Title":"肝活检","UniqueID":"v28485624_zh","Index":3.0,"Summary":"

血液测试，包括肝脏检测

","HeadType":"H_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]},{"Title":"监测","UniqueID":"v11556184_zh","Index":4.0,"Summary":"

血液测试，包括肝脏检测

","HeadType":"H_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]}]},{"Title":"治疗","UniqueID":"v11556190_zh","Index":4.0,"Summary":"

目前尚无有效治疗肝硬化的方法，肝脏损伤几乎是永久性的，肝脏不太可能再恢复正常。

","HeadType":"F_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"possibleTreatment\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/MedicalTherapy\"","Children":[{"Title":"治疗原因","UniqueID":"v28485628_zh","Index":1.0,"Summary":"

目前尚无有效治疗肝硬化的方法，肝脏损伤几乎是永久性的，肝脏不太可能再恢复正常。

","HeadType":"H_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"possibleTreatment\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/MedicalTherapy\"","Children":[]},{"Title":"治疗并发症","UniqueID":"v28485638_zh","Index":2.0,"Summary":"

目前尚无有效治疗肝硬化的方法，肝脏损伤几乎是永久性的，肝脏不太可能再恢复正常。

","HeadType":"H_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"possibleTreatment\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/MedicalTherapy\"","Children":[]},{"Title":"肝移植","UniqueID":"v28485656_zh","Index":3.0,"Summary":"

目前尚无有效治疗肝硬化的方法，肝脏损伤几乎是永久性的，肝脏不太可能再恢复正常。

","HeadType":"H_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"possibleTreatment\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/MedicalTherapy\"","Children":[]}]},{"Title":"预后","UniqueID":"v759280_zh","Index":5.0,"Summary":"

肝硬化几乎总是永久性的且可进展，除非肝硬化的病因得到治疗。进展的速度通常很难预测。肝硬化患者的预后取决于病因、严重程度、是否伴有其他症状和疾病，以及治疗效果。

","HeadType":"F_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]}]